---
title: "Report | ELECTRUM and KAMACITE: Ten Years of Adversary Tradecraft in ICS Operations | Dragos"
description: This report to explores ten years of ELECTRUM and KAMACITE adversary evolution and the insights you need to protect critical infrastructure against ICS-focused threats. Download now →
image: https://hub.dragos.com/hubfs/dragos__digital-ads__electrum-retrospective-report__1200x630.png
---

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## FREE REPORT

## ELECTRUM and KAMACITE: Ten Years of Adversary Tradecraft in ICS Operations

ELECTRUM and KAMACITE have driven some of the most consequential ICS attacks observed over the past decade, including the 2015 and 2016 Ukraine power grid disruptions and the development and deployment of purpose-built ICS malware such as CRASHOVERRIDE.

These two threat groups have demonstrated a repeatable path from enterprise compromise to OT impact and established techniques later employed by other threat groups. KAMACITE enables initial access and movement toward OT boundaries, while ELECTRUM executes ICS-specific actions that result in physical-world consequences. Their activity overlaps with operations attributed to Sandworm.

![Dragos-ELECTRUMKAMACITE-ICSOperations-Dec25-Cover](https://hub.dragos.com/hubfs/Dragos-ELECTRUMKAMACITE-ICSOperations-Dec25-Cover.jpg)

This report examines the operations and tradecraft that shaped modern OT attacks and explains why understanding these patterns remains critical for defenders tasked with detecting and disrupting OT-focused threats today.

### Get the Report insights you need.

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Expand your intel and cybersecurity skill sets with resources and training from your ally. Our unprecedented ICS/OT knowledge and expertise are at the ready through our robust catalogue of whitepapers, playbooks, webinars, report, and other resources for every challenge.

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##### [2025 Dragos OT Cybersecurity Report](https://www.dragos.com/ot-cybersecurity-year-in-review/?hsLang=en)

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##### [2025 OT/ICS Cybersecurity Executive Briefing](https://hub.dragos.com/on-demand/ot-cybersecurity-year-in-review-executive-briefing-2025?hsLang=en)

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